The album 25 is the third studio album by the English singer-songwriter Adele. It was released on November 20, 2015, by XL Recordings and Columbia Records. The title reflects Adele’s life and feelings at the age of 25 and is described as a "make-up record." The lyrics explore themes such as longing for her past self, nostalgia, and sadness about time passing, as noted in an interview with Rolling Stone. The album also includes themes of motherhood, new love, and regret.
Unlike Adele’s earlier albums, 25 uses electronic sounds and rhythmic patterns inspired by 1980s R&B and organs. Four singles were released to promote the album. "Hello" became a number one song worldwide and the fastest-selling digital single in the United States, selling over a million copies in one week. "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" reached the top 10, while "When We Were Young" and "Water Under the Bridge" charted in the top 20 in Europe and North America.
Music critics praised 25 for its production and Adele’s vocal performance. The album debuted at number one in 32 countries and set first-week sales records in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the U.S., it sold 3.48 million equivalent album units in its first week, with 3.38 million copies sold. This marked the highest single-week sales for an album since 1991. In the U.K., it sold 800,307 copies in its first week. According to Guinness World Records, 25 sold 5.7 million copies worldwide in its first week.
The album was the best-selling album of 2015, with 17.4 million copies sold that year. It has sold over 22 million copies globally, making it the fourth-best-selling album of the 21st century and the second-best-selling album of the 2010s, behind her previous album 21. It is also among the best-selling albums of all time. In the U.K., 25 is the third-best-selling album of the 21st century and one of the best-selling albums in the country’s music history.
Journalists noted that 25 helped increase interest in buying physical copies of albums instead of downloading or streaming music. The album won the 2016 Brit Award for British Album of the Year and the 2017 Grammy Award for Album of the Year. To promote the album, Adele toured globally with her Adele Live 2016 concert series, which began on February 29, 2016, and ended on June 30, 2017. The tour broke attendance records worldwide and earned $278.4 million.
Background
After the release of her album 21 in 2011, Adele was thinking about leaving music. However, in early 2012, she said she was taking a break from music to "take time and live a little bit." Her break ended in October 2012 after the birth of her first child. Adele explained that her son inspired her to begin recording music again so he could "know what I do." Before starting work on the new album, Adele decided not to try to make another album like 21 and would not create another album about heartbreak.
Before the album was released, 25 was listed as one of the most expected albums of 2015. Billboard, Fuse, The Sydney Morning Herald, and others ranked the album number one on their lists of most anticipated releases. The Sydney Morning Herald wrote, "if Adele releases her third album in 2015, she could dominate the year." Before the album was officially announced, music reporters and fans guessed the album would be named 25, continuing the pattern from her earlier albums 19 and 21, which used numbers related to her age. On the night of her 26th birthday in May 2014, Adele posted a message on Twitter: "Bye bye 25 … See you again later in the year." This message led media outlets like Billboard and Capital FM to believe her next album would be called 25 and released later that year.
Writing and recording
On February 10, 2013, Adele said she was starting work on her third album and was in Los Angeles for the 85th Academy Awards. At first, the recording sessions for the album 25 were not successful, and Adele struggled with writer’s block. She changed plans for the album’s recording, saying she did not feel “ready.” She returned to the studio when her son was eighteen months old, which inspired her to write an album about motherhood. In an interview on BBC One, it was reported that Adele had written and discarded an entire album about motherhood because she thought the material was “too boring.”
Adele said the album took a long time to write, explaining she did not think it would ever be finished. During the initial recording, she ran out of ideas and could not write songs. Her team encouraged her to start over and keep writing. After a difficult process, Adele feared she had lost her inspiration, but eventually, the material that became 25 came into being. She tried to write 25 many times but struggled. After taking time off due to motherhood, she returned to the studio but said she was not ready to write. She took more time off, repeating this process “a couple of times.”
In 2013, Adele began recording again, contacting her friend and producer Kid Harpoon. Adele and Harpoon went to his studio, but the session was not productive. Adele said, “I don’t know why I wasn’t ready, I just couldn’t access myself.” A few months later, Adele traveled to New York to work with longtime collaborator Ryan Tedder, but those sessions also did not produce good results. However, Adele used one song from the sessions, “Remedy,” which she wrote about her best friend, grandparents, boyfriend, and son. She found this song easier to write and felt confident about it. After recording it and others, she brought producer Rick Rubin to the studio, who was not satisfied with the songs and encouraged Adele to start over. Rubin said the songs lacked depth and told Adele,
Adele continued struggling with writer’s block until she met producer Greg Kurstin. During their meeting, Adele had a breakthrough: “It all poured right out of me.” The song “Hello” was written by Adele and Kurstin and produced by Kurstin, who also played bass, guitar, piano, and keyboards. Adele was credited as a drummer. The song was written in Chiswick, London, which was unusual for Adele, who usually writes at home. The writing process for the song was slow, taking six months to complete. Initially, Adele and Kurstin wrote the first verse. After six months, Adele contacted Kurstin to finish the song, but he was unsure if she would return. The main inspiration for the album came from motherhood, as well as singer-songwriter Madonna’s 1998 album Ray of Light and its song “Frozen.” Adele said she had not heard Madonna’s work before but was inspired by Madonna’s electronic music. She also listened to musician Moby’s fifth album, Play.
During the album’s recording, Adele traveled to Los Angeles to give the sessions “one last push.” She spent two months there and was determined to finish the album. In Los Angeles, she wrote “When We Were Young” with Tobias Jesso Jr. at a rented house where she used Philip Glass’s piano. She also worked with singer-songwriter Bruno Mars. Initially, they tried to create an upbeat song but ended up writing a dramatic ballad called “All I Ask.”
After unproductive sessions with Tedder, Adele and Tedder had lunch, where she heard Taylor Swift’s single “I Knew You Were Trouble.” Tedder told Adele the song was produced by Max Martin and sent her clips of his work. Soon after, Adele began working on “Send My Love (To Your New Lover),” reworking a song she had written at thirteen after being inspired by Amy Winehouse’s album Frank. Kurstin also co-wrote and produced the song “Million Years Ago.” The song was not planned for the album but was added three days before the album’s mixing at Electric Lady Studios in New York.
Adele co-wrote a song called “Alive” with Jesso and Sia. Initially written for 25 along with “Bird Set Free” and another track, Adele decided not to include any of the songs on the album. After this, Sia asked Adele’s permission to send the track to Rihanna, which Adele agreed to as long as her vocals were removed. Sia later recorded the song for her seventh album, This Is Acting. “Bird Set Free” was recorded by Adele but not included on 25 because it was too similar to Sia’s work. It was later added to This Is Acting.
Before starting work on the album, Adele met with Phil Collins to discuss a collaboration. “I had this song in mind,” she told Rolling Stone, “and I can’t remember if I gave him a copy of the song or if I gave him a chorus or something, and then I just chickened out of everything.” Collins later said, “She’s a slippery little fish… She got hold of me and asked if I would write with her. She gave me a piece of music to finish and at first I didn’t know if I’d failed the audition as I didn’t hear from her. Then she said, ‘No, no: I’m moving house and the baby’s taking up a lot of my time. I’m not actually doing anything at the moment.’ And now I’ve heard there’s a 29 [sic] coming out. I’m not on it, I know that.”
Musical style and themes
Adele's last album was a "break-up record," and she calls this one a "make-up record" because it shows her trying to make up for lost time and past mistakes. The album 25 is about learning who she has become without realizing it. She says it took time to reach this point because life happened.
The album 25 has 11 songs. Adele wanted to move away from the "young-fogey" sound of her previous album, 21, and added electronic sounds like synths and drum pads to update the music. The production used electronic elements and creative rhythms, different from 21. It included styles from the 1980s, like R&B and organs. Critics described the album as having "panoramic ballads" and "nicely executed detours." Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly said the music had "stately production" built on sad, minor-key melodies and simple arrangements. Leonie Cooper of NME noted the shift from "moody ballads" to "smoky jazz grooves," while a Us Weekly reviewer said the album used piano ballads, R&B, minimal arrangements, gospel, blues, and acoustic guitars.
Adele's voice on 25 was described as powerful and emotional. Samantha O'Connor of The 405 said her voice ranged from loud, dramatic singing over piano to softer, warm tones. Her voice was described as raw, with little editing, allowing her natural sounds to add depth. Bruce Handy of Vanity Fair said her throat surgery did not affect her voice, which still sounded strong and unique, like a mix of Amy Winehouse and Céline Dion.
Adele called 25 a "make-up album" to move away from the break-up themes of 21. She said the lyrics focus on letting go of the past and growing. The songs reflect her thoughts during a time of change between youth and adulthood. Themes include fear of aging, childhood memories, regrets, longing for family, and her role as a mother. Mark Savage of the BBC said the lyrics were different from 21, being more reflective and allowing Adele to think about past relationships. He noted songs like "When We Were Young" show her accepting adulthood. The album aims to appeal to a wide audience, unlike her earlier work, which focused on gospel, R&B, jazz, and folk.
The album starts with "Hello," a piano ballad inspired by soul music. The chorus has layered vocals, piano, and drums, creating a rich sound. Adele played the drums. The song talks about nostalgia and regret, like a conversation. The next track, "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)," has an upbeat, pop sound similar to Taylor Swift's work. Adele called it a "happy you're gone" song inspired by an ex-boyfriend.
"I Miss You" is a folk song with drums and seductive lyrics. "When We Were Young" is a reflective piano ballad about cherishing past memories. "Remedy" was written about Adele's best friend, grandparents, boyfriend, and son. "Water Under the Bridge" is a pop song with electronic beats and a tropical, trip-hop rhythm. Adele sings about wanting a gentle breakup. "River Lea" is a gospel song about growing up in London, with lyrics about a polluted river affecting her relationships. "Love in the Dark" is a torch ballad.
"Million Years Ago" is an acoustic song with guitar and Middle Eastern sounds, touching on fame's effects. The lyrics talk about missing childhood and friends. The final song, "All I Ask," is a piano ballad about ending a relationship. The album ends with "Sweetest Devotion," an uplifting tribute to her son.
Release and promotion
A release date for Adele's album 25 was first mentioned in early August 2014, when Paul Moss said the album might come out in 2014 or 2015. However, in October 2014, XL Recordings, Adele's label, said the album would not be released in 2014. In August 2015, Billboard reported that the album would be released in November 2015. In October 2015, it was rumored the album would come out on 20 November 2015. Many journalists thought other musicians, such as One Direction, Justin Bieber, Fleur East, and 5 Seconds of Summer, released their albums earlier to avoid competing with Adele's album in the charts. Other artists, including Rihanna, Kanye West, and Coldplay, also planned releases in the fourth quarter of 2015, though Coldplay did not release their album at the same time as Adele's.
On 18 October 2015, a 30-second clip of the song "Hello" was shown on UK television during a commercial break on The X Factor. The clip teased a new song from Adele after three years, with viewers hearing her sing the first verse of "Hello" while lyrics appeared on a black screen. Three days later, Adele shared a letter with her fans on social media. She confirmed the album would be called 25 and explained the title reflects her age and how she felt at that time. She described the period as a "turning point" between adolescence and adulthood and said the album is a "make-up record" to reconcile with herself and make up for lost time. The next day, Adele confirmed 25 would be released on 20 November 2015 and shared the album's cover on social media.
On 27 October 2015, BBC One announced a one-hour special hosted by Graham Norton, where he would talk about Adele's new album. The program, Adele at the BBC, was recorded on 2 November and aired on 20 November, the same day as the album's release. A short preview of the show was shown on The One Show on 5 November, featuring Adele performing "Hello" and talking with Norton. On 27 October, it was also announced Adele would appear on Saturday Night Live on 21 November. On 30 October, Adele confirmed through her Facebook page that she would perform a one-night-only concert titled Adele Live in New York City at Radio City Music Hall on 17 November. NBC later said they would air the concert on 14 December.
On 19 November 2015, The New York Times reported that 25 would not be available on streaming services like Spotify and Apple Music. Later, it was announced that the album would be available on streaming platforms starting 24 June 2016. In November 2015, Adele appeared on the NRJ Awards, NPR, and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.
In January 2016, Adele performed some of her greatest hits in a carpool karaoke video on The Late Late Show with James Corden. The next month, she performed at the 58th Grammy Awards, the 2016 Brit Awards, and The Ellen DeGeneres Show. Adele also gave interviews and appeared on the covers of Time, Vanity Fair, Vogue, i-D, The Observer, and Rolling Stone. She performed "Hello" again at the 59th Grammy Awards in 2017.
On 23 October 2015, "Hello" was released as the album's lead single and made available for purchase and streaming. The music video for the song was also released on the same day. It reached over 100 million views on YouTube within five days, becoming the second-fastest video to reach that number and the fastest on Vevo, which previously held the record for Miley Cyrus's "Wrecking Ball" in 2013. 87 days after its release, "Hello" reached 1 billion views on YouTube, surpassing Psy's "Gangnam Style," which took 158 days to reach the same number. The song topped the UK Singles Chart on 30 October, with 330,000 combined sales in its first week. This was the largest opening week sales for a single since James Arthur's "Impossible" in 2012. The song sold 1,112,000 digital downloads and 61.2 million streams in its first week, making it the number one song on the Billboard Hot 100 (Adele's fourth number one in the United States) on 14 November 2015. By the end of 2015, "Hello" had sold 12.3 million units globally and was the year's seventh best-selling single.
On 14 December 2015, Billboard reported that "When We Were Young" was scheduled as the second single from 25. The song had already reached number 29 on the UK Singles Chart and number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100, with 150,000 digital sales in the United States. It was released on 22 January 2016 and peaked at number 14 on the US Billboard Hot 100.
On 27 April 2016, iHeartRadio announced that "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" was chosen as the album's third single and would be released to radio stations on 17 May 2016. The song reached number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, number 5 in the UK, and number 10 in Canada.
On 4 November 2016, "Water Under the Bridge" was released as the album's fourth single. It peaked at number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, number 39 on the UK Singles Chart, and number 37 on the Canadian Hot 100.
Adele began her third concert tour, Adele Live 2016, in February 2016 and ended in November 2016. The first part of the tour started in Belfast on 29 February 2016 at the SSE Arena and continued across Europe, ending in Antwerp on 15 June 2016. The second part began on 5 July 2016 at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and included stops across the United States and Canada. The tour ended on 2 July 2017 in London, UK. Demand for the tour was very high, with all shows selling out quickly. Over 500,000 fans registered on Adele's website to buy tickets, and 57,000 tickets were sold for the 12 UK shows.
Critical reception
The album 25 received mostly positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which gives an average score out of 100 based on reviews from major publications, the album earned a score of 75, using 35 reviews. Bruce Handy from Vanity Fair described the music as a mix of traditional R&B and modern pop, with most songs being ballads. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic wrote that the album improves with repeated listens, with its slow songs showing small emotional and musical differences. He noted that all 11 songs work together as a group, creating a sense of quiet sadness that becomes powerful through performance. He also said the consistent style highlights how Adele has made the theme of dignified heartbreak her own. Will Hodgkinson from The Times wrote that 25 connects with people in a universal way and brought British pop back to the center of modern music. He gave the album four out of five stars.
Neil McCormick from The Daily Telegraph said the album covers similar musical and emotional themes as 21 and called it equal to its predecessor. Jon Dolan from Rolling Stone noted the album’s nostalgic mood fits an artist who draws from decades of influences, while her intense energy feels modern. He praised her ability to add depth and power to every line, calling her one of the greatest interpreters of romantic lyrics. Leah Greenblatt from Entertainment Weekly described the album as both new and familiar, with a collection of wide-ranging ballads and carefully executed songs. Jody Rosen from Billboard praised Adele’s singing, saying her voice sounds like she is singing in a large, echoing cathedral. Amanda Petrusich from Pitchfork said Adele’s singing skills are unmatched, and she is the greatest vocalist of her generation, with a deep understanding of tone and pitch.
In a less positive review, Andy Gill from The Independent said songs like "River Lea" and "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" were rare moments of interest, but the album became dominated by sad piano ballads, which he called Adele’s usual choice. Leonie Cooper from NME said Adele and her team did not take musical risks, instead following a formula that has already led to 30 million album sales. Jude Rogers felt the album was weighed down by the heavy themes of Adele’s earlier work, comparing her to a friend who keeps returning to difficult situations despite help.
Rolling Stone ranked 25 as number two on its list of the 50 best albums of 2015. Newsday also ranked it number two on its list of the best albums of 2015. Complex placed it at number four on its list of the best albums of 2015, and Entertainment Weekly listed it at number three.
Accolades
At the Brit Awards 2016, Adele was nominated for five awards and won four, including British Album of the Year for 25 and British Single of the Year for "Hello." Her wins matched the record for most awards won by an artist in one night, a record previously set by Blur in 1995. At the 2016 Billboard Music Awards, Adele was nominated for nine categories and won five, including Top Billboard 200 Album for 25 and Top Selling Song for "Hello." At the 2016 Juno Awards, Adele won International Album of the Year for 25, and Xavier Dolan won Video of the Year for "Hello."
Adele received four nominations at the American Music Awards of 2016, including Favorite Pop/Rock Album for 25 and Favorite Pop/Rock Song for "Hello." She did not win these categories, as they were awarded to Justin Bieber’s Purpose and "Love Yourself," respectively. Adele also won Attitude’s Album of the Year for 25.
At the 59th Grammy Awards, the album 25 won six awards: Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album. The song "Hello" won Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Pop Solo Performance. Adele became the first artist in history to win all three main awards in the same ceremony twice, having previously won them in 2012. She also became the first artist to win Album of the Year with two studio albums in a row since Stevie Wonder won the same award with three consecutive albums in the 1970s. Additionally, Adele’s producer, Greg Kurstin, won the Grammy for Producer of the Year in the non-classical category.
Commercial performance
In the United Kingdom, the album 25 reached number one on the UK Albums Chart and sold 800,307 copies in its first week. This made it the fastest-selling album in the UK, surpassing Oasis's Be Here Now (1997). Of these sales, 252,423 were digital downloads, breaking the record for most digital copies sold in a week, and 548,000 were physical copies. In its first week, 25 sold more copies than the combined sales of the last 19 number-one albums in the UK during their debut weeks. It also outsold the combined sales of the other 86 highest-selling albums that week. After ten days on sale, 25 became the fastest album to sell 1 million copies in the UK, beating Be Here Now, which achieved this in 17 days in 1997. In its second week, 25 sold 439,337 copies, breaking the record for highest second-week sales in the UK and becoming the sixth biggest weekly sales of all time. In its third week, 25 sold 354,000 copies, the second highest third-week sales since Take That's The Circus, which sold 382,000 copies in its third week. The album was certified quintuple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, with total UK sales reaching 1,593,530 copies.
On 18 December, 29 days after its release, 25 surpassed 2 million copies in the UK, becoming the fastest 2 million-seller in the country. In its fifth week, the album sold another 450,000 copies, becoming the Christmas number one. The album spent 13 non-consecutive weeks at number one and, as of November 2016, had sold 3.12 million copies, later certified 11× Platinum. In December 2016, it became only the third album to be the UK's biggest-seller two years in a row, following Simon & Garfunkel's Bridge over Troubled Water (1970 and 1971) and Simply Red's Stars (1991 and 1992). As of October 2018, 25 had sold over 3.50 million copies, making it the tenth best-selling album in UK history. As of October 2019, it was the third best-selling album of the 21st century in the UK. In the UK's Top 10 Albums by Female Recording Artists for 2000–2021, 25 ranked No. 3, with 21 at No. 1.
In Europe, 25 opened at number one in Germany after selling 263,000 units, the largest weekly sale for a record since Herbert Grönemeyer's 2007 release 12. In France, 25 became the fastest-selling album of 2015, selling 169,693 copies, of which 26,295 were downloads. It sold another 129,200 copies in its second week, bringing its two-week total to 300,000 copies. In its third week, sales rose to 132,200 copies, totaling 430,000 copies. In its fourth week, sales increased to 133,000 copies, totaling 565,000 copies in France, earning a diamond certification. By 2015, 25 had sold 785,000 copies in France. As of November 2021, it had sold over a million copies there. In the Netherlands, the album debuted at number one with first-week sales of over 120,000 copies. It sold over 180,000 copies in the Benelux in its first week. In Spain, 25 debuted at number one, selling 20,000 copies in its first week, while in Portugal it also debuted at number one with sales of 3,200 copies. 25 entered the charts at number one in Switzerland, selling over 40,000 copies in its first week, receiving a double platinum certification.
In the United States, 25 sold 2.3 million copies in three days, becoming the fastest-selling album of the 21st century and the best-selling album of 2015. It reached 2.433 million sales early on its fourth day, surpassing the single-week record for an album since Nielsen Soundscan began tracking sales in 1991, set by NSYNC's No Strings Attached in March 2000. In total, it sold 3.38 million copies in the US in its first week, becoming the first album ever to sell over 3 million copies in a week. The album earned 3.48 million album-equivalent units in its first week, the largest figure since the Billboard 200 began tracking weekly popularity based on overall units in December 2014. 25 achieved 96,000 track-equivalent album units and 8,000 streaming-equivalent album units in its debut week, all from streams of the single "Hello," which was the only song available on streaming services. The album's first-week sales remained the record for most albums sold in a single week in the SoundScan era until surpassed by Taylor Swift's The Life of a Showgirl* in October 2025.
In its second week, 25 sold over 650,000 units, surpassing 4 million sales, ending the week with 3.48 million copies sold. In its third week, it sold 3.48 million copies, becoming the second-highest weekly sales in US history. By the end of its first month, 25 had sold over 11 million copies in the US.
In Canada, 25 sold 451,000 copies in its first two weeks, representing the eighth-highest weekly sales and the second-highest second-week sales for an album. By 2019, the album had sold 1.09 million copies in Canada.
In Mexico, 25 sold 60,000 copies and debuted at number one on the Mexico Top 100, achieving Platinum certification and becoming the 10th-best-selling album in Mexico of 2015. By January 2020, it had sold 210,000 copies, certified triple Platinum.
In Australia, 25 sold more than
Impact and Legacy
In October 2015, many reporters believed that other musicians delayed their album releases to avoid competing with Adele’s album, 25. Artists like Bieber, Rihanna, Sam Smith, and One Direction did this to protect their own sales. Columbia Records sent 3.6 million physical copies of 25 to stores in the United States, which was the highest number of CDs shipped for a new album since 2000, when 2.4 million copies of NSYNC’s No Strings Attached were released. One million copies of 25 were sent to UK stores, including HMV and Tesco. Ian Topping, who leads HMV, said the album had a strong start, with sales higher than expected and that it was HMV’s "fastest-selling album in many years."
After the album was released, reporters noted that 25 encouraged people to buy physical copies of music instead of using streaming services. Adam Sherwin of The Independent said the album "helped people return to physical stores and might have introduced a new group of people to buying music this way." The album was seen as helping the music industry, which had been losing money because fewer people were buying physical albums and more were using downloads and streaming. The album also increased sales for Target, which sold a special version of 25 during Thanksgiving and Black Friday. Brian Cornell, Target’s leader, said 25 was "the biggest release we’ve ever had" and that the timing of the album’s release, just before Thanksgiving, helped attract many buyers.
On its first day in the United States, 25 sold 1.49 million copies, averaging 62,000 copies per hour and 1,000 copies per minute. On iTunes, 25 sold 900,000 copies in its first day, becoming the fastest-selling album in iTunes history. This broke the previous record held by Beyoncé’s self-titled album. In its first week, 25 sold more copies in the United States than all the previous number-one albums combined had sold in 22 weeks. It also sold more copies in its first week than any album sold in an entire year in 2008, 2009, or 2013. In its first week, 25 sold more copies than the combined sales of the next two best-selling albums of 2015: Taylor Swift’s 1989 and Drake’s If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late, which together sold 2.885 million copies. 25 also sold more copies in its first week than the combined sales of the next two fastest-selling albums by female artists: Britney Spears’ Oops!… I Did It Again (1.319 million copies) and Taylor Swift’s 1989 (1.287 million copies).
According to Billboard on January 5, 2016, total album sales in the United States (both digital and physical) dropped by 6% in 2015 compared to 2014. However, 25 helped reduce this decline. Without 25, the drop would have been 9% instead of 6%, because the album made up 3.1% of all album sales in 2015.
Personnel
Credits based on information from AllMusic and the album's liner notes.
- Mixed at Electric Lady Studios, New York; Capitol Studios, Los Angeles; MixStar Studios, Virginia Beach; Larrabee Studios, Los Angeles
- Mastered at Sterling Sound, New York
Art direction and design.